Download The TypeScript Handbook free PDF

JavaScript, introduced to the programming community over 20 years ago, has evolved into one of the most pervasive cross-platform languages in existence. Initially conceived as a modest scripting tool for injecting basic interactivity into webpages, JavaScript has since burgeoned into a go-to language for frontend and backend applications across the spectrum of complexity. Despite this growth, the language's capacity to articulate the connections between disparate units of code has not kept pace. Coupled with JavaScript's idiosyncratic runtime semantics, this disjunction between language and program intricacy has rendered managing JavaScript development at scale a formidable challenge. The predominant errors encountered by programmers often manifest as type errors: instances where a particular type of value is utilized instead of an expected type. These errors may stem from mere typographical mistakes, a lack of comprehension regarding a library's API surface, erroneous assumptions about runtime behavior, or similar sources. TypeScript endeavors to serve as a static type checker for JavaScript programs—a preemptive tool that scrutinizes code types before execution to ensure correctness. For those approaching TypeScript without prior exposure to JavaScript, intending it as their inaugural language, we advise starting with either the Microsoft Learn JavaScript tutorial or delving into JavaScript documentation available on Mozilla Web Docs. Conversely, if you possess proficiency in other programming languages, acquainting yourself with JavaScript syntax should prove swift through the perusal of the handbook.